9/11/2011 「富士康祕密百萬大軍！不加薪、不跳樓的機器人」

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9/11/2011 「富士康祕密百萬大軍！不加薪、不跳樓的機器人」


富士康祕密百萬大軍！不加薪、不跳樓的機器人







摘錄自：天下雜誌電子報%26nbsp; 2011/8/23



2011-08天下雜誌 478期 作者：賴建宇











員工不斷跳樓，郭台銘終於想出新對策。冷冰冰的機器人，能否將危機化為轉機？







富士康在中國雇有超過百萬名工人，可能是全中國最大民營雇主。最近，它似乎需要找到新的成功模式。







七月底，鴻海集團董事長郭台銘宣布在二○一三年以前要新「雇用」一百萬名機器人。







官方說法是，富士康要將舊的百萬大軍往高附加價值的活動移動，譬如做研發。但沒說的是，將有一部份人會丟掉他們的飯碗。







機器人最大的好處就是易於管理。七月底，富士康又爆發一名二十一歲員工自殺。五月，成都的新廠爆炸，三名員工不幸身亡，外界推測這導致iPad 2生產落後。







為了安撫員工，富士康多次加薪、改善生活環境、提供諮商，還用網子把大樓圍起來，希望接住跳樓員工。而這些都要花錢。







中國長期競爭優勢，靠的就是量大且廉價的勞力。但隨著人民愈來愈富有，技術工的短缺讓薪資快速上升。富士康決定用機器人，希望能一併解決薪資上漲和勞工管理等問題。







但這項轉變可能不會平順。富士康已經向國際大企業證明，有能力管理百萬民工，但尚未能證明，同樣有能力管理百萬機器大軍，而且要比對手更有競爭力。







薪資上漲對中國的勞工是好事，對於把產品賣給他們的企業同樣也是。







但這也帶來問題：是否這意味廉價的「中國製造」將結束？是否跨國公司將生產線再移到別的國家？是否企業能靈活地自動化，並維持同樣高超的競爭力？







或許他們能做到。但至少可以確定，機器人在中國不會比其他地方便宜。







最後，自動化讓中國更資本密集、更資本主義，這會讓大批下崗工人走向街頭嗎？中國政府正緊張地關注著。







經濟學人英文原文







The Economist







Foxconn-Robots don%26#39;t complain







By The Economist



From The Economist



Published: August 23, 2011







WITH more than 1m workers,
Foxconn may be China%26#39;s largest private employer. The secretive electronics
giant is renowned for taking designs from Western firms, such as Apple, and
using cheap labour to crank them out in huge quantities. But its fantastically
successful business model seems to have run its course.







At a closed retreat in late
July, Terry Gou, the chief executive of the Taiwanese-owned company (which is
also known as Hon Hai), unveiled a plan to hire 1m robots by 2013. In a public
statement, Foxconn talked about moving its human workers "higher up the
value chain" and into sexy fields such as research. But at least some will
surely lose their jobs.







Robots are easier to
manage. Several Foxconn employees have committed suicide; in the latest case, a
21-year-old threw himself off a building in late July. In May an explosion at a
new factory in Chengdu killed three employees and, it is believed, caused
delays to the production of Apple%26#39;s iPads. To pacify its increasingly restive
workers, Foxconn has repeatedly bumped up their wages, improved facilities,
provided counselling and swathed its factories with nets to catch anyone
leaping from a window. All this costs money.







China%26#39;s competitive edge
has long been its vast supply of cheap hands. But as the country grows richer,
skills shortages are driving wages rapidly up. Foxconn%26#39;s decision to alter its
mix of capital and labour is thus logical, and mirrors what many smaller firms
are already doing.







But the switch may not be
smooth. Foxconn%26#39;s expertise has been in running well-regimented armies of
people making goods for highly visible global companies. It is not known to
have skills in running automated production lines; and moving in this direction
will put it in competition with companies that do.







Rising wages are good for
Chinese workers, and for firms that want to sell them things. But they also
raise questions. Do they spell an end to the cheap "China price" for
manufactured goods? Will multinational firms shift production elsewhere? Or
will Chinese firms adapt nimbly to automation and remain fearsome competitors?
They might, but Chinese robots may be no cheaper than robots elsewhere.







Finally, will the shift to
a more capital-intensive capitalism throw legions of workers onto the streets?
The Chinese authorities will be watching nervously.